Your private information in FTDNA projects is not safe

Today, I want to present you one out of many big downsides of FTDNA, a company that charges hundreds of dollars for very little genetic information and no customer service.

After a short (and most likely my last) discussion with FTDNA administrator lgmayka at http://eng.molgen.org he clarified that not only FTDNA employees but also volunteer administrators of FTDNA projects with unknown background and unknown history have access to private information of all project participants including name, postal address, phone number, and email address. Sometimes these projects include thousands of FTDNA customer.  FTDNA has more than 200,000 customers, many of those joined FTDNA projects without realizing this ridiculous lack of privacy.

Your private information in FTDNA projects is not safe. In case you want to keep your privacy at FTDNA you have to unsubscribe from these projects immediately. 

This lack of privacy at FTDNA might be less critical for a "John Smith from Kentucky" than for a "Abu Saeed from Pakistan".

If you "just" encrypt your personal information at FTDNA you risk loosing access to your own genetic data since FTDNA tends to block people and email addresses with no contact information (yes, they might change/block your log in password, too).

Kurdish mtDNA data VII

Today, I want to present data from Comas et al., 2000, Quintana-Murci et al., 2004, and Al-Zahery et al., 2012:

Only the HVR-1 region was sequenced in Comas et al., 2000 and Quintana-Murci et al., 2004, so the information is very limited. I tried to extract as much as possible. Al-Zahery et al., 2012 sequenced HVR-1 and HVR-2 region of mtDNA.

Comas et al., 2000 (N=29):
6x H
2x H with T16311C
1x H with T16311C, C16256T, T16352C (=H14a +T16311C )
1x H with C16218T (=H1ag1a or H1aq1 or H20)
1x H with A16309G, A16318T (=U7)
1x H with C16192R, C16261T (similar to: JN415470(Italy-LHON) Achilli Haplogroup H 19-AUG-2012
1x H with C16071T, G16145A, C16234 (=R2 +G16145A+C16234)
1x T with T16126C, C16294T, C16296T, C16256T, A16317G (=T2a1b2b +A16317G)
1x T with T16126C, C16067T, T16311C (=JT)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C
2x K with T16224C, T16311C, T16093C, C16260T (=K1a1+C16260T, or K1a17a+T16093C)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C, A16240G (=K+A16240G)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C, A16272G (=K+A16272G)
1x U1 with A16182C, A16183C, T16189C, T16249C (=U1a1)
1x U3 with A16343G (=U3)
1x U3 with A16343G, C16193T, T16249C (=U3c)
1x W with C16292T, C16192T, C16223T,  T16324C (=W6)
1x X with T16189C, C16278T, C16186T (=X+C16186T)
1x I with G16129A, C16223T
1x I with G16129A, C16223T, T16172C, T16189C, C16083T, C16355T (=I1a1d+C16083T, C16355T)
1x Other with C16223T, T16086C, G16153A, G16319A (=N2a+T16086C)
1x Other with C16223T, G16145A, C16176G (=N1b1)

Quintana-Murci et al., 2004 (N=20):
1x H CRS

1x H T16086C (=H15b; close to EU600353(Druze) Shlush)
1x HV* CRS
1x HV* 16174
1x HV1 C16067T, C16355T (=HV1a1)
1x HV2 C16168T, T16189C, T16217C, C16287T 
1x I G16129A, C16168T, T16172C, 16173, C16223T (=I1a)
1x J1 C16069T, T16126C, G16145A, C16222T, A16235G, C16261T, T16311C (=J1b1b2 or J1b3)
1x J1 C16069T, T16126C, G16145A, C16222T, C16261T,  C16278T, C16287T (=J1b4)
1x K 16093, T16224C, T16311C (=K1a)

1x K 16129, T16224C, T16311C (= K1a11 or K2b2)
1x U5 T16093C, T16189C, C16270T
1x U7 C16069T, A16227G, C16278T, A16318C, T16359C (very close to HM852853(Turk 187) Schoenberg)
1x U7 C16192T, A16309G, A16318T
1x U7 T16243C, A16309G, A16318T
1x U7 A16309G, A16318T
1x U8b A16066G, G16129A, C16169T, A16183C, T16189C, C16234T, T16311C (=U8b1a1)
1x U8b C16111T, T16172C, A16183C, T16189C, T16311C
1x W C16223T, C16292T, C16286T (=W4a)

1x W C16223T, C16292T


Al-Zahery et al., 2012 (N=15):

1x    H5    16051G    16255A    16304C    16319A    16327T    263G    315.1C    456T           
2x    J1b1b1    C16069T    T16126C    G16145A    C16261T    16519C    A73G    A263G    C295T    309.1C    315.1C    C462T    T489C    523DEL    524DEL   (very close to JF939049(Armenian))
1x    J1c2m (old J1c2a)  C16069T    T16126C    16148T    A73G    185A    228A    A263G    C295T    315.1C    C462T    T489C    523DEL    524DEL  (close to JQ797801 from Romania and  JQ797802 from West-Siberia (Khanty))         
1x    L3e5    16037G    A16041G    C16223T    A73G    C150T    A263G    315.1C    T398C    523DEL    524DEL                           
1x    M1a1    G16129A    16182C    16183C    T16189C    C16223T    T16249C    T16311C    T16359C    C16360T    T16519C    A73G    T195C    A263G    309.1C    309.2C    315.1C    T489C
1x    R0    16519C    16524C    263G    315.1C                                                   
1x    R0    16368C    16519C    263G    309.1C    315.1C                                               
1x    T1a7   T16126C    A16163G    C16186T    T16189C    G16274A    C16294T    T16519C    A73G    A263G    309.1C    315.1C    A512G  (close to EU935435(Egypt) Kujanova and JQ798027 (Israel))
1x    T1b    T16126C    A16163G    T16189C    T16243C    A16247G    C16294T    T16519C    A73G    152C    A263G    309.1C    315.1C    524.1A    524.2C           
1x    U1b    C16111T    16214A    T16249C    G16319A    C16327T    T16519C    A73G    T146C    T152C    A263G    C285T    315.1C    572T               
1x    U3c    C16193T    T16249C    A16343G    G16526A    A73G    C150T    A263G    315.1C  (close to HM852797(Azeri34) and HM852803(Azeri42) Schoenberg)               
1x    U4    T16356C    T16519C    A73G    T195C    A263G    309.1C    315.1C    G499A    524.1A    524.2C                         
1x    U7a    A16309G    A16318T    T16519C    A73G    C151T    T152C    A263G    309.1C    315.1C    523DEL    524DEL                       
1x    W3    G16153A    C16223T    C16292T    C16294T    T16519C    A73G    T152C    A189G    C194T    T195C    T199C    T204C    G207A    A263G    309.1C    315.1C   

 To summarize all Kurdish mtDNA (N=88):

1x B4b1a (Kurd from Turkey) 
1x C4b (Alevi Kurmanji)
1x G2a (Sorani)
1x H CRS (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
6x H (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
2x H with T16311C  (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x H with C16218T (=H1ag1a or H1aq1 or H20) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x H with C16192R, C16261T (similar to: JN415470(Italy-LHON) Achilli Haplogroup H 19-AUG-2012 (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x H5  16051G, 16255A, 16304C, 16319A, 16327T, 263G, 315.1C, 456T (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)  1x H5a1 (Sorani)
1x H13a2 (Alevi Kurmanji from Dersim)
1x H14 (Yezidi)
1x H14a with T16311C, C16256T, T16352C (=H14a +T16311C ) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x H15a1 (Sorani; mtDNA fully sequenced here and here)
1x H15b (Sorani)
1x H15b T16086C (close to EU600353(Druze) Shlush)(Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x HV* CRS (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x HV* 16174 (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x HV1a1 C16067T, C16355T (=HV1a1) (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x HV2 C16168T, T16189C, T16217C, C16287T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x HV (Sorani)
1x HV (Kurmanji from Zakho)
1x I1a G16129A, C16168T, T16172C, 16173, C16223T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x I with G16129A, C16223T (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x I1a1d with G16129A, C16223T, T16172C, T16189C, C16083T, C16355T (=I1a1d+C16083T, C16355T) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x I5a (Zaza from Dersim)
1x J1b C16069T, T16126C, G16145A, C16222T, A16235G, C16261T, T16311C (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x J1b (Sorani)
2x J1b1b1 C16069T, T16126C, G16145A, C16261T, 16519C, A73G, A263G, C295T, 309.1C    315.1C, C462T, T489C, 523DEL, 524DEL   (very close to JF939049(Armenian)) (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x J1b4 C16069T, T16126C, G16145A, C16222T, C16261T,  C16278T, C16287T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x J1c (Alevi Kurmanji from Dersim)
1x J1c2m (old J1c2a)  C16069T, T16126C, 16148T, A73G, 185A, 228A, A263G, C295T, 315.1C, C462T, T489C, 523DEL, 524DEL  (close to JQ797801 from Romania and  JQ797802 from West-Siberia (Khanty))(Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)  
1x J1d (Feyli, originally from Iran)
1x J1d (Kurd from Iraq)
1x J2a1a  (Kurd from Turkey)
1x J2b1 (Kurd from Iraq/Iran)
1x JT with T16126C, C16067T, T16311C (=JT) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x K1a T16093C, T16224C, T16311C (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x K 16129, T16224C, T16311C (= K1a11 or K2b2) (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
2x K with T16224C, T16311C, T16093C, C16260T (=K1a1+C16260T, or K1a17a+T16093C)(Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C, A16240G (=K+A16240G) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x K with T16224C, T16311C, A16272G (=K+A16272G) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x L3e5 16037G, A16041G, C16223T, A73G, C150T, A263G, 315.1C, T398C, 523DEL, 524DEL
(Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x M1a1 G16129A, 16182C, 16183C, T16189C, C16223T, T16249C, T16311C, T16359C, C16360T, T16519C, A73G, T195C, A263G, 309.1C, 309.2C, 315.1C, T489C (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x N1b1 (Alevi Kurmanji from Dersim)
1x N1b1 with C16223T, G16145A, C16176G (=N1b1) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x N2a with C16223T, T16086C, G16153A, G16319A (=N2a+T16086C) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x R0 16519C, 16524C, A263G, 315.1C (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)                               1x R0 16368C, 16519C, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)   
1x R2 with C16071T, G16145A, C16234 (=R2 +G16145A+C16234) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x T1 (Feyli)
1x T1a7 T16126C, A16163G, C16186T, T16189C, G16274A, C16294T, T16519C, A73G, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C, A512G  (close to EU935435(Egypt) Kujanova and JQ798027 (Israel))(Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x T2a1b2b with T16126C, C16294T, C16296T, C16256T, A16317G (=T2a1b2b +A16317G) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x T1b T16126C, A16163G, T16189C, T16243C, A16247G, C16294T, T16519C, A73G, 152C, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C, 524.1A, 524.2C (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x T2b (Kurd from Turkey)
1x U1a1 (Zaza)
1x U1a1 (Sorani)
1x U1a1 with A16182C, A16183C, T16189C, T16249C (=U1a1) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x U1b C16111T, 16214A, T16249C, G16319A, C16327T, T16519C, A73G, T146C, T152C, A263G, C285T, 315.1C, 572T (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x U3 with A16343G (=U3) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x U3c with A16343G, C16193T, T16249C (=U3c) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x U3c C16193T, T16249C, A16343G, G16526A, A73G, C150T, A263G, 315.1C  (close to HM852797(Azeri34) and HM852803(Azeri42) Schoenberg)(Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)   
1x U4 T16356C, T16519C, A73G, T195C, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C, G499A, 524.1A, 524.2C
(Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x U5 T16093C, T16189C, C16270T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U5a1 (Kurmanji from Dohuk)
1x U7 C16069T, A16227G, C16278T, A16318C, T16359C (very close to HM852853(Turk 187) Schoenberg) (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U7 C16192T, A16309G, A16318T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U7 T16243C, A16309G, A16318T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U7 A16309G, A16318T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U7a A16309G, A16318T, T16519C, A73G, C151T, T152C, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C, 523DEL, 524DEL (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x U8b1a1 A16066G, G16129A, C16169T, A16183C, T16189C, C16234T, T16311C (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U8b C16111T, T16172C, A16183C, T16189C, T16311C (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x U8b (Feyli)
1x W C16223T, C16292T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x W3 G16153A, C16223T, C16292T, C16294T, T16519C, A73G, T152C, A189G, C194T, T195C, T199C, T204C, G207A, A263G, 309.1C, 315.1C (Kurds from Iraq; Al-Zahery et al., 2012)
1x W4a C16223T, C16292T, C16286T (Kurds from Iran; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004)
1x W6 with C16292T, C16192T, C16223T,  T16324C (=W6) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)
1x X with T16189C, C16278T, C16186T (=X+C16186T) (Kurds from Georgia; Comas et al., 2000)

Kurdish Y-DNA Part VIII

Today, I want to present all detected haplogroups in Kurds including all publications and all Kurds that got tested elsewhere. Interestingly, all tested Feyli Kurds have the haplogroup J1 (N=5).

Used publications:
Nebel et al., 2001
Wells et al., 2001
Stenersen et al., 2004
Nasidze et al., 2005
Gokcumen et al., 2011
Grugni et al., 2012
Malyarchuk et al., 2013


Haplogroup C
1x C-RPS4Y (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
1x C-RPS4Y (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
1x C-RPS4Y (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)


Haplogroup E
7x E a.k.a. hg21 (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
3x E-YAP (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
10x E-YAP (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005) 
3x E-SRY4064 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
5x E1b (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
12x E1b1 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
1x E1b1b1a1b-M78 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x E1b1b1c1a-M34 (Alevi Kurmanji from Dersim/Turkey)
8x E1b1b1a1a-M34 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
3x E1b1b1c-V13 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)

Haplogroup F
2x F-M89 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
10x F-M89 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
3x F-M89 (Kurmanji from Georgia in Nasidze et al., 2005)
6x F-M89 (Kurds from Turkmenistan in Nasidze et al., 2005; originally used in Wells et al., 2001)

Haplogroup G
2x G1-M285 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x G-M201 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
2x G-M201 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
8x G-M201 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
2x G-M201 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
2x G2* (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
3x G2a* (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x G2a (Alevi Kurmanji from Turkey)
1x G2a (Kurd from Turkey)

16x G+I a.k.a. hg2 (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)

Haplogroup H
1x H-M52  (Kurds from Turkmenistan in Nasidze et al., 2005; originally used in Wells et al., 2001) 
1x H-M52  (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)

Haplogroup I
4x I-M170 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
9x I-M170 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
14x I-M170 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
1x I-M170 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
1x I2-M438 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x I2a2a-M223 (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
1x I2a2a* (old I2b1*; Z161+, L1228-, L1229-, L1230-, L1226-, L699-, L701-, L702-, L703-, L704-, M379-)(Sorani from Sulaymaniyah/Iraq)
1x I2a2b-L38 (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)

Haplogroup J (J1+J2)
15x J-12f2 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)

Haplogroup J1
1x J1 a.k.a. hg9 (Eu10) (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
1x J1 (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
19x J1-M267 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
1x J1-M267 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
5x J1 (Feyli, originally from Iran)
1x J1 (Z2223+)  (Alevi with Zaza ancestry from Dersim; E11334 (Suleyman Efendi 19th century Askale Erzurum, Turkey))
1x J1 (probably L817+; Kurd from Turkey; N91920 (Kurdish Serzer, 1805 - 1846, Turkey))
1x J1b2-P58 (old J1c3; Sorani from Iran)
1x J1b2-P58 (old J1c3; Kurd from Iraq) 
2x J1b2-P58 (old J1c3; Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x J1b2b (L147.1+, L222.2-, L92-, L93-, M267+; N88767 (Sulaymania, Iraq (Kurdistan) of sharif descent)

Haplogroup J2
20x J2 (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
27x J2 a.k.a. hg9 (Eu9) (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
12x J2-M172 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
8x J2-M172 (Kurmanji from Georgia in Nasidze et al., 2005)
3x J2-M172 (Kurds from Turkmenistan in Nasidze et al., 2005; originally used in Wells et al., 2001)     
29x J2-M172 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
1x J2 (Zaza from Dersim/Turkey)
1x J2 (Kurmanji from Dohuk)
1x J2 (Kurmanji from Turkey)
1x J2a*-M410 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
3x J2a3*-Page55 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x J2a3a-M47 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x J2a3a (J2a1a at 23andme; J2a4a at ISOGG 2009; he is M47+, M322+)(Yezidi from Iraq)
4x J2a3b*-M67 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x J2a3b1-M92 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
4x J2a3h-M530 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)

Haplogroup L
1x L a.k.a. hg28 (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
5x L-M20 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
2x L-M20 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
1x L1-M76  (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)

Haplogroup P
1x P-M45 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
5x P-M45 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
1x P-M45 (Kurmanji from Georgia in Nasidze et al., 2005)

Haplogroup Q
1x Q  (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)

Haplogroup R1
1x R1*-M173 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)

Haplogroup R1a
1x R1a (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
11x R1a a.k.a. hg3(Eu19) (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
7x R1a1a-M17 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
11x R1a1a-M17 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
2x R1a1a-M17 (Kurds from Turkmenistan in Nasidze et al., 2005; originally used in Wells et al., 2001)
12x R1a1a-M17 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
11x R1a1a-M17 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor) 
1x R1a1a (Z93+, L342+, L657-, Z2122-)(Sorani from Sulaymaniyah/Iraq)
1x R1a1a (Z283+, Z282+, Z284-, M458-, Z280-, subclade 3  only his paternal great-grandfather is Kurdish from Turkey)
1x R1a1a (Alevi Zaza from Dersim/Turkey)
1x R1a1a (Alevi Kurmanji from Dersim/Turkey)
1x R1a1a (Kurd from Turkey)

Haplogroup R1b?
3x R1 -M173 (Zaza from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
4x R1 -M173 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
5x R1 -M173 (Kurds from Turkmenistan in Nasidze et al., 2005; originally used in Wells et al., 2001)

Haplogroup R1b
2x R1b-M343 (Kurdish village Dogukoy*/Central Anatolia in Gokcumen et al., 2011)
1x R1b-M343 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
13x R1b-M343 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
1x R1b1a2* (Kurmanji from Zakho/Iraq)
1x R1b1b2a (Zaza from Turkey)
1x R1b1 (P25+)(Kurmanji from Maras/Elbistan/Turkey)

16x R1+R1b+R2 a.k.a. hg1 (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)


Haplogroup R2
1x R2 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
7x R2a-M124 (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
11x R2a-M124 (Kurmanji from Georgia in Nasidze et al., 2005)
2x R2a-M124 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)
1x R2a-M124 (Iranian Kurds in Malyarchuk et al., 2013)
1x R2a (Sorani from Sulaymaniyah/Iraq)

Haplogroup T
11x K-M9 (probably T) (Kurmanji from Turkey in Nasidze et al., 2005)
2x K-M9 (probably T) (Kurmanji from Georgia in Nasidze et al., 2005)
4x T a.k.a. hg26 (Iraqi Kurds in Nebel et al., 2001)
3x T-M70 (Iraqi Kurds in Stenersen et al., 2004; based on Athey's Haplogroup predictor)
1x T (Sorani from Koysinjaq/Iraq)
5x T-M70 (Iranian Kurds in Grugni et al., 2012)

More data can be found here:
Kurdish Y-DNA Part I
Kurdish Y-DNA Part II
Kurdish Y-DNA Part III
Kurdish Y-DNA Part IV
Kurdish Y-DNA Part V
Kurdish Y-DNA Part VI
Kurdish Y-DNA Part VII

Haplogroup T STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup T, and I used the same method as before.

The number of individuals that tested all 111 STR values is fairly small (N=66). Still, I think that some clades are clearly visible, even without using any SNP information.

The nomenclature at FTDNA is based on ISOGG 2011, however, not exactly, e.g. L453, L454 are not labeled as T1 only, not as T1a:

T   L206, L445, L452, L455, M184/Page34/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272, Page129
•     T*   -
•     T1   M70/Page46, Page78
•    •     T1*   -
•    •     T1a   L162/Page21, L299, L453, L454
•    •     •     T1a*   -
•    •     •     T1a1   L208/Page2
•    •     •    •     T1a1*   -
•    •     •    •     T1a1a   M320
•    •     •    •     T1a1b   P77
•    •     •    •     T1a1c   P330
•    •     •    •     T1a1d   P321
•    •     •    •     •     T1a1d*   -
•    •     •    •     •     T1a1d1   P317
•    •     T1b   L131
•    •     •     T1b*   -
•    •     •     T1b1   P322, P328
•    •     •    •     T1b1*   -
•    •     •    •     T1b1a   P327

Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup T (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup T (pdf version):
 

Roots of Haplogroup R1b: STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup R1b, and I used the same method as before.
Due to the large number of individuals having haplogroup R1b I decided to focus only on the roots of this haplogroup. This is the biggest tree I created so far with a total of 1141 individuals.

Most of these individuals are from the UK and Ireland.

Rectangular tree of haplogroup R1b root (pdf version)
Polar tree of haplogroup R1b root (pdf version)

Next, I decided to exclude all samples with US or unknown ancestry, I ended up with 738 individuals, still a huge tree. Because of the size I still cannot use FITCH for a "fine-scale" tree but "only" NJ tree at SplitsTree.
 
Rectangular tree of haplogroup R1b root excluding samples with US or unknown ancestry (pdf version)
Polar tree of haplogroup R1b root excluding samples with US or unknown ancestry (pdf version)


Finally,  I decided to exclude all samples with US, UK, Irish or unknown ancestry, the vast majority of samples. I ended up with 103 individuals. Here, FITCH was used and showed a much better tree.

Rectangular tree of haplogroup R1b root excluding samples with US, UK, Irish or unknown ancestry (pdf version):

Polar tree of haplogroup R1b root excluding samples with US, UK, Irish or unknown ancestry (pdf version):

Biogeographical Ancestry using Dodecad Globe13 data

Today, I want to use Globe13 data of the Dodecad project to determine the biogeographical ancestry of all Dodecad participants. Due to the large amounts of individuals (N=1043) I will just present the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of each individual.

Spreadsheet is available here.

For Middle Easterners, I created a map in googlemaps, see below:



View Biogeographical Ancestry Globe13 data in a larger map

Additionally, I created Neighbor-joining trees of all reference populations. The distance matrix for these trees is based on adjusted/weighted distances, not on pure Euclidean distances; the distances are adjusted based on the Fst values (Dodecad provided Fst values) of the 13 components.

Rectangular tree of reference populations of Dodecad Globe13 (pdf version):

Polar tree of reference populations of Dodecad Globe13 (pdf version):

I also created trees of all individuals and all reference populations.

Rectangular tree of all individuals of Dodecad Globe13 (pdf version):

Polar tree of all individuals of Dodecad Globe13 (pdf version):

Haplogroup J2 STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup J2, and I used the same method as before.

 In a previous attempt I analyzed 95 J2 individuals with STR111 data. The new trees are based on 223 individuals.
The nomenclature is based on ISOGG 2010:

   J2   M172, L228
•      •       J2*   -
•      •       J2a   M410, L152, L212
•      •       •       J2a*   -
•      •       •       J2a1   (not currently in use by ISOGG)
•      •       •       J2a2   M340
•      •       •       J2a3   P279
•      •       •       J2a4   DYS413≤18, L26/S57, L27
•      •       •      •       J2a4*   -
•      •       •      •       J2a4a   M47, M322
•      •       •      •       J2a4b   M67/S51
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4b*   -
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4b1   M92, M260
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4b1*   -
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4b1a   M327
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4b2   M163, M166
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4b3   L210, L218, L227
•      •       •      •       J2a4c   M68
•      •       •      •       J2a4d   M319
•      •       •      •       J2a4e   M339
•      •       •      •       J2a4f   M419
•      •       •      •       J2a4g   P81   
•      •       •      •       J2a4h   L24, L207.1
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4h*   -
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4h1    L25
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1*   -
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1a    DYS445≤7
•      •       •      •       •      •       •       J2a4h1a*   -
•      •       •      •       •      •       •       J2a4h1a1   L70
•      •       •      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1a1   -
•      •       •      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1a1a   M137
•      •       •      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1a1b   M289   (location under DYS445≤7 uncertain)
•      •       •      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1a1c   M318
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1b    L192.2
•      •       •      •       •      •       •       J2a4h1b*   --
•      •       •      •       •      •       •       J2a4h1b1   L271
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1c   L243
•      •       •      •       •      •       J2a4h1d   L254
•      •       •      •       •       J2a4h2   M158   (location under L24 uncertain)
•      •       •      •       J2a4i   L88.2, L198
•      •       J2b   M12, M102, M221, M314
•      •       •       J2b*   -
•      •       •       J2b1   M205
•      •       •       J2b2   M241
•      •       •      •       J2b2*   -
•      •       •      •       J2b2a   M99
•      •       •      •       J2b2b   M280
•      •       •      •       J2b2c   M321
•      •       •      •       J2b2d   P84
•      •       •      •       J2b2e   DYS455≤9


Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup J2 (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup J2 (pdf version):

The light green cluster is Jewish. Based on the ISOGG 2010 nomenclature these individuals have the haplogroup J2a4b1 (M92, M260); in the latest ISOGG 2012 nomenclature M92, M260 is named as J2a1b1. 

Edit:
Here is a smaller image file of the polar tree:

 

Haplogroup G STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup G, and I used the same method as before.

Haplogroup G is quiet common in the Caucasus region and neighboring region, however, it also reached Europe in ancient times. The most famous European individual with haplogroup G is Ötzi the Iceman who lived 3,300 BCE in South Tyrol.
Different subbranches can be found in presented trees below:
- G1 (blue) is dominating in the Middle East
- G2c (purple) is a very narrow branch with very little STR variability. Haplogroup G2c is mostly found in Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Belorussia)
- G2a1a (dark yellow) is dominated by individuals from North Ossetia and Georgia (probably South Ossetia). Joseph Stalin has this haplogroup.
- G2a3b1 (orange) is the most commonly tested subbranch of haplogroup G. G is found from Caucasus to Ireland and from Caucasus to the Arabian Peninsula.

Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup G (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup G (pdf version):

Radial STR111 tree of haplogroup G (pdf version):

Contrary to others, conclusions based on haplotype trees, even at STR111 level, are mostly erroneous and heavily influences by subjective believes. Sometimes, these trees do not fit perfectly with haplogroups, sometimes they do. I don't want to participate in such guesstimates, I let the trees speak for themselves, and most of my comments are primarily descriptive.

Haplogroup I STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup I, and I used the same method as before. Again, most of the individuals are European but there also some individuals from Turkey (Tur-), Iran (Irn-), Iraq (Irq-), Armenia (Arm-). A total of 862 individuals are included in the trees presented below.

Due to the size of the tree details can be only seen in the actual pdf files.

Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup I (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup I (pdf version):

Radial STR111 tree of haplogroup I (pdf version)

Haplogroup N STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the STR111 tree of haplogroup N, and I used the same method as before. Again, most of the individuals are European (mostly haplogroup N1c1). A total of 124 individuals are included in the trees presented below.

Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup N (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup N (pdf version):

Radial STR111 tree of haplogroup N (pdf version):

Haplogroup Q STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the haplogroup Q STR111 tree. To do so I used the same method as before. The number of individuals is fairly small (N=47) and the ethnic background of these tested individuals is mostly European, so the whole diversity of haplogroup Q is not covered. However, some observation can be still made.
The clearest split within haplogroup Q can be seen between haplogroup Q1a and Q1b, and this split is visible with using STR111 data only.

Most of the Q1b individuals from Europe have paternal Ashkenazi ancestry, and they form a cluster (red). The Huff/Hoff family from the Netherlands (purple) are represented with multiple individuals (Unk-191247, Unk-159126, Net-166843, Net-133381, Unk-127754, Net-169897, Ger--81111, Net-189374, Unk-165855, Unk-156072). From the Huff individual Unk-156072 we know that they have haplogroup Q1b1a. In this tree the Huff/Hoff family from the Netherlands is forming the second cluster within Q1b.
Contrary, haplogroup Q1a2-M25 does not show a clear clustering, which highlights its age. 

Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (cyan-blue) is "Native American". All Q1a3a1 individuals in the presented trees below are from Northern America.

Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup Q (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup Q (pdf version):

Radial STR111 tree of haplogroup Q (pdf version):

Haplogroup E STR111 tree

Today, I want to present the haplogroup E tree with STR111 data. I used the same method as before. Most individuals belong the subbranch E1b1. Two individuals from Poland seem to be outliers. They show clear differences in their STR values (e.g. DYS532=9) to other E1b1 individuals.
STR values are mostly in agreement with the SNP status making the presented STR trees a nice tool to get an overview over the variety of haplogroup E1b1. However, some STR values of neighboring SNPs are so close to each other that no clear STR clustering is visible (e.g. E1b1a, E1b1a7a and E1b1a8a).

So far as I know no Kurd is included in this tree but there is one Alevi Kurmanji Kurd from Dersim (KD002) with haplogroup E1b1b1c1a-M84 (dark blue).
Cinnioglu et al, 2004 described two types of haplogroup E in Eastern Anatolia: E1b1b1c1-M34 (light blue) and E1b1b1a1-M78 (pink); underlying SNPs were not analyzed.


Rectangular STR111 tree of haplogroup E (pdf version):

Polar STR111 tree of haplogroup E (pdf version):

Radial STR111 tree of haplogroup E (pdf version):

mtDNA Haplogroup H5

The interesting thing about the Kurdish individual with the H5a1 haplogroup is that the mtDNA contains SNPs that are characteristic for H5a iand H5b. I discovered it by using the mtDNA haplogroup predictor and GenBank data summarized by Ian Logan:

H2a2a1(rCRS) ⇨ 263G ⇨ H2a2a ⇨ 8860G 15326G ⇨ H2a2 ⇨ 750G ⇨ H2a ⇨ 4769G ⇨ H2 ⇨ 1438G ⇨ H ⇨ 456T ⇨ H5'36 ⇨ 16304C ⇨ H5 ⇨ 4336C ⇨ H5a ⇨ 15833T ⇨ H5a1 ⇨ 3397G 5471A

The definition of mtDNA haplogroup H5b is having a mutation from G to A at postion 5471, a.k.a. G5471A (or short 5471A). Other mtDNA haplogroups with this G5471A mutation are HV7 and N1b. To summarize, this mutation occurred multiple times during human evolution.

Another thing that effects the the midpoint and thus the outcome of the analysis are repeating mtDNA samples in the tree, so I am excluding them, too.

In the H5 branch I am excluding these because they are exactly like [HM625680 Kloss]:
GQ983083(Italy) Santoro
GQ983085(Italy) Santoro
GQ983086(Italy) Santoro
GQ983094(Italy) Santoro

In the H36 branch I am excluding these because they are exactly like [FJ348166 Irene]:
FJ348167 Irene
FJ348168 Irene
FJ348169 Irene

In the H36 branch I am also excluding these because they are exactly like [FJ348151 Irene]:
FJ348152 Irene

 In Figtree, I generated rectangular tree of H5:

Same data of H5 as polar tree:

From the first look at the data, it seems like that the root European H5a originated in the Middle East (bright yellow), which is in agreement with ancient DNA data.

From Wikipedia:

H5 has been dated to around 11,500 BP (9500 BC).[5] It appears to be most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus, so an origin there has been suggested, while its subclade H5a appears European.[6] However samples of mtDNA with T16304C in the HVR1 region have been found in four individuals of around 6800 BC from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Tell Halula, Syria,[7] suggesting that H5 may have arrived in the Caucasus with farmers from the Near East.

   This blunt conclusion needs more thoughts. I will update it.

mtDNA Haplogroup H5a1

Today, I want show some data about mtDNA haplogroup H5a1 because there is a Kurdish individual with H5a1 in this Kurdish DNA project.

I analyzed the phylogeny of this haplogroup by using fully sequenced and published mtDNA data from GenBank.

To do so I first downloaded the data from GenBank, then I used CLUSTALW, (mode: slow accurate pairwise alignment) to align the sequences and create a rooted phylogenetic tree with branch length (UPGMA). The data were pasted into CLUSTALW in the Fasta format.

I realized that all the data of Herrnstadt et al. 2002 are lacking the first 577 nucleotides, which is messing up the position of Herrnstadt samples in the trees/network and is messing up the position of the rest. The same effect can be seen with the two samples of Kivisild et al.; they are lacking 236 nucleotides. Thus, I excluded these samples.


Rooted phylogenetic tree with branth length (UPGMA) of H5a1:

The nice thing about CLUSTALW is that it also generates a "dnd file" and an "aln file" of the alignment.

The dnd file can be opened with the Figtree software. In Figtree, I generated another tree of H5a1:

The aln file can be opened with the Splitstree software. In Splitstree4, I generated a network (Convex Hull) of H5a1:

H5a1a (T721C mutation): three individuals in these trees have this mutation [AF346975(Dutch) Ingman; Q983087(Italy) Santoro; HQ659693(Polish) FTDNA]


H5a1b (G11719A mutation): two individuals in these trees have this mutation [AY495167(European) Coble; AY495176(European) Coble]

H5a1c1a (C4095T  G13194A G9055A A2851G mutations): only one individual in these trees has these mutations [HQ663878(Danish) FTDNA]

H5a1d (A8803D mutation): only one individual in these trees has this mutation [AY495171(European) Coble]

H5a1e (A16166G mutation): two individuals from Finland belong to the H5a1e branch [AY339431(Finland) Moilanen; AY339432(Finland) Moilanen].

H5a1f (T961C mutation): one individual in these trees has this mutation [ JN646689(Polish) FTDNA]

H5a1g1 (T16172C, A444G, G9804A, T16311C mutations): two individuals in these trees have these mutations [EU294323 FTDNA; HQ645111(English) FTDNA]. Since HQ645111 has the additional  T1284C and A7517G mutations it belongs to H5a1g1a.

Note: In the Finland DNA project I found one individual (N48161 Mary Anne Bodle, b.1791, Plumstead, Kent) that originated in England and has the same mutations of H5a1g1 HV regions, i.e.  A444G, T16172C, T16311C.

H5a1k (T12864C): two individuals have this mutation [AY495170(European) Coble, GQ983064(Italy) Santoro]


H5a1p (T16093C): three individuals have this mutation [FJ966912 FTDNA, GQ983075(Italy) Santoro, GQ983084(Italy) Santoro]

Cultural Distance Calculator Part2

This is a follow-up for the Cultural Distance Calculator:

Since there are some cultural data available I decided to use phylogeny software to present the results. This helps to detects groups of population that have similar cultural values and behavior.  In order to visualize the data of the first 4 dimensions.First, I calculated a distance matrix for all populations of the "Old World" (N=69). Then, I had to adjust the IDs to 10 digits to prevent malfunction of the Fitch software. In Fitch, I used 10 randomized runs to improve the results.

The tree of "Old world" cultures:
Europe: red
Middle East and North Africa: green
Asia: green asparagus
New World "Latin America": brown
New World "English-speaking": grey 
Pacific: pink
Africa: black

Some of the surprising and interesting observations:

1. Scandinavians form one cultural cluster.
2. Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa are in the British/Irish cultural cluster.
3. The closest to British/Irish cultural cluster are Central Europeans and Israelis.
4. The "Catholic Cluster" is formed by Argentina, Spain, France, Belgium, Poland, and Malta.
5. The "Arab World Cluster" (Iraq, Saudi-Arabia, UAE, Kuwait) shows cultural similarities to some Latin-Americans (Guatemala, Panama, Surinam, Mexico, Brazil) and some East Europeans, mostly Orthodox Christians (Russia, Serbia, Romania)
6. Culturally, Turkey is more similar to Balkan people (Bulgaria, Croatia) than to the Middle East.
7. Culturally, Albania is more similar to Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela than to the Balkan
8. Some European countries (Portugal, Greece, Slovenia) form a cultural cluster with Latin Americans (Uruguay, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Peru) and South Korea. Egypt is not far away from that cluster.
9. Singapore, Hong Kong, China, and Vietnam on one side, and Philippines, Malaysia, and Bhutan on the other side form two closely related clusters.
10. Dominican Republic forms a cultural cluster Ethiopia and Kenya.
11. Culturally, Nepal is more similar to some African countries (Malawi, Zambia, Namibia, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Senegal)
12. Honduras, Indonesia and the Fiji Islands form a cultural cluster.
  

Haplogroup Tree J1 STR67

Today, I want to present haplogroup J1 tree with STR67 data. I used the same method as before. The goal was to get a tree for the oldest branches of the J1 haplogroup.
To do so I only used individuals that are labeled as J1 (not J1c, J1b, etc.) at FTDNA. In a lot of cases SNPs downstream of J1 were not tested, so I had to help myself: I excluded all individuals that show high similarity with known J1c and J1b individuals. Then, I generated the first tree with 200 individuals.

Polar tree of haplogroup J1 (excluding known J1b and J1c individuals):

J1 is split into two parts: the Arabian Peninsula (highlighted in magenta) and the rest. My assumption is that all these individuals from the Arabian Peninsula have the haplogroup J1c3d2 L222.2+ or at least J1c but they were just not tested for it.

Next, I excluded those individuals, I repeated the analysis with the remaining individuals.

1. Rectangular tree of haplogroup J1:

 


2. Polar tree of haplogroup J1:

Note:
The individuals from Iran (Irn-187962), Iraq (Irq--92829) and Turkey (Tur-191398,  Aintab, Turkey) are Assyrians. All other individuals from Iran and most individuals from Turkey (Tur-...) are actually Armenians. Unfortunately, no known Kurd is included in this analysis but based on the names there is one individual from Turkey (Tur-221845, Ahmed) that is Muslim and thus, not an Armenian or Assyrian, so he could be a Kurd.

Resume:
The oldest branches of haplogroup J1 can be found in Northern Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia.